Assignment of Romantic Literature: literary Terms: feminist Criticism,Structuralism and diaspora
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Name : chauhan Urvashi N
Roll no : 31
Paper no : 7 criticism
Topic : literary terms : feminist criticism, structuralism, Diaspora
Batch : 2018 -2020
Sem.: M. A sem 2
Enrollment no. : 2069108420190008
Email Id : urvashichauhan157@gmail.com
Submitted to: Smt. S.B. Gardi Department of English MKBU
Feminist criticism
A mode of literary and cultural discussion and reassessment inspired by modern feminist thought from which has developed since the 1970s not a method of interpretation but an arena of debate about the relation between literature and the socio- cultural subordination born by women as writers , readers and fictional character within a male dominated social order. This traditions mostly American and British honours certain earlier pioneer of such discussion notably Rebecca west, Virginia Woolf and three Guineas sometimes regarded as the founding document of the movement and Simone de Beauvoir enjoyed similar status. In its recognizable modern form however the founding texts are Mary Ellmann thinking about woman. A wittily satirical survey of male writers stereotypes of women. And meat Miller s sexual politics an enraged polemic against the alleged misogyny of D.H Lawrence and other modern male authors . These works inspired others to extend the variety of feminist criticism that come to be known as images of woman study in the essays collection in Susan K. Cornillon images of woman in diction or in Judith fetterley the resisting reader.
A major redirection of attention away from the sins of male authors and towards the virtues of woman’s writing was soon launched by a second wave of critics and literary historians notably Ellen Niets in literary woman’s Elaine Show alter in a literature of their own and sandra M. Gilbert with Susan gubar in the madwoman in the Attic. This form of the feminist criticism termed gynocritics by showalter attempt to reconstruct an occluded tradition of woman writing in which female authors are inspired by their foremother rather than by male authors. It meanwhile reinterpret woman’s writings as coded expression of their rage or frustrations against patriarchy.
Since the 1980s these early style of American feminist criticism based on female experience and literary fidelity or infidelity to it have come under some challenge both from woman critics speaking for ethnic and sexual minorities with different experience and from feminist scholar more inclined to draw upon Marxist psychoanalytic or post structuralist thinking . In this latter grip some preferred to pursue the distinct agenda or so called French feminism in the writing of His Kristeva , Luce irigaray and Helene vicious with their theories of gendered language and of ecriture feminine others grew sceptical of what they saw as essentialism models of sexual difference . Feminist criticism and the allied project of feminist literary history have rude become highly variegated and hyphenated . For fuller account consult Mary Eagleston feminist literary theory , Ruth Robbins literary feminism and Ellen Rooney.
First Wave Feminism :- late 1700s-early 1900's: writers like Mary Wollstonecraft (A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792) highlight the inequalities between the sexes. Activists like Susan B. Anthony and Victoria Woodhull contribute to the women's suffrage movement, which leads to National Universal Suffrage in 1920 with the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Third wave feminism :- early 1990s-present: resisting the perceived essentialist (over generalized, over simplified) ideologies and a white, heterosexual, middle class focus of second wave feminism, third wave feminism borrows from post-structural and contemporary gender and race theories (see below) to expand on marginalized populations' experiences. Writers like Alice Walker work to "...reconcile it [feminism] with the concerns of the black community...[and] the survival and wholeness of her people, men and women both, and for the promotion of dialog and community as well as for the valorization of women and of all the varieties of work women perform".
Other Authors are:-
Jane Austen
Aphra Behn
Charlotte Bronte
George Eliot
Thomas Hardy
D.H.Lawrence
Mary Leapor
Thomas Middleton
Katherine Mansfield
Olive Schreiner
William Shakespeare
John Webster
Virginina WoolWool
Structuralism
Structuralism is a movement that goes back to the work of Ferdinand de Sausssure, the great linguist. The basic idea is that things are part of a structure. So words in order to have meaning have a structure. if one is studying myths, these myths, too, are part of a larger structure. In this way the application of structuralism can be almost limitless sociology, classics and anthropology come to mind. Structuralism is in some way a study of part to whole.
Gerald Genette writes at the outset in his essay ‘Structuralism and Literary Criticism’ that methods developed for the study of one discipline could be satisfactorily applied to the study of other discipline as well. This is what he calls ‘intellectual bricolage' borrowing a term from Claude Levi-Strauss. This is precisely so, so far as structuralism is concerned. Structuralism is the name given to Saussure’s approach to language as a system of relationship. But it is applied also to the study of philosophy, literature and other sciences of humanity.
Ferdinand de Saussure has given three terms on which structuralism based, They are
1] Language- the entire human potential speech
2] Langue- the system that each of us uses to generate discourse that is intelligible to others
3] Parole - our individual utterance.
In his 'A Course in General Linguistics' he out line three fundamental assumptions:
Arbitrariness: The meanings we attribute to words are entirely arbitrary, and prescribed through usage and convention only. There is no inherent or 'natural' connection between the word and the meaning. The word has no quality that suggests the meaning, nor does meaning 'reside' in the word. Therefore language cannot be said to stand for, or reflect, reality or the world: language is a system in itself. Language refers only to itself, since all words lead to other words. To phrase it in its proper terminology the relation between the signifier and signified is purely arbitrary.
Relational: Every word makes sense because it is different from other words in the organisational chain. Thus 'cat' means cat only because of its difference from ‘cap' or 'hat'.
Systematic: Language constitutes our world, and our very existence. We need to analyse how meaning is produced through the acts of language. We need to understand the set of structures in language that enable us to speak and make sense. In short, we need to study signs and sign systems.
Structuralism seeks the processes of meaning--production that is, how the text constructs meaning. Anything that generates meaning through certain forms of representation is a text.
Diaspora
A Diaspora a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world.
Origin and development-
Diaspora "I scatter", "I spread about" whi he verb speiro"I sow, I scatter". In Ancient Greece the term diaspora hence meant "scattering” and was inter alia used to refer to citizens of a dominant city-state who emigrated to a conquered land with the purpose of colonization, to assimilate the territory into the empire. An example of a diaspora from classical antiquity is the century-long exile of the Messenians under Spartan rule and the Ageanites as described by Thucydides in his "history of the Peloponnesian wars."
Twentieth century
The twentieth century saw huge population movements. Some involved large-scale transfers of people by government action. Some migrations occurred to avoid conflict and warfare. Other diasporas were created as a consequence of political decisions, such as the end of colonialism.
female writers in diasporic Indian English fiction which is enriched with experiences and mentalities of Indian diaspora.
Anita desai
Kiran desai
Chitra banrjee
Jhumpa Lahiri
She is a second generation Indian American who was born in London, 1967. Her parents were immigrants from the state of West Bengal, India. Her award-winning novel The Namesake (2004) is considered to be one of the best fictions written about immigrant life. In this novel, Lahiri has successfully engaged aspects like the generational gap between first and second generation immigrants, conflict of east-west beliefs, cultural displacement, nostalgia, loss of identity, alienation and despair. The movie which was adopted by this novel too gained much attention worldwide.
Other Authors are:-
Jane Austen
Aphra Behn
Charlotte Bronte
George Eliot
Thomas Hardy
D.H.Lawrence
Mary Leapor
Thomas Middleton
Katherine Mansfield
Olive Schreiner
William Shakespeare
John Webster
Virginina Woolf
Conclusion:
This literary terms will helpful to understand the literature. It will help reader to understand literature with different perspective . This terms will helpful to see the. Literature beyond the way it told. So by using these terms will help in see the literature in a new and different way.
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